For instance, if we are working with data from Twitter, it’s not going to be unusual to find various hashtags and mentions - which refers to a tweet that contains another user's username in Twitter lingo. Removing URLs, Hashtags, Punctuation, Mentions, etc.ĭepending on the type of data we are dealing with, we may face various challenges that add noise. Note: example code from Python Guides # creating a unicode string text_unicode = "Python is easy to learn" # encoding the text to ASCII format text_encode = text_unicode.encode( encoding="ascii", errors="ignore") # decoding the text text_decode = text_code() # cleaning the text to remove extra whitespace clean_text = " ".join() print(clean_text) > Python is easy to learn. Unicode is required because it is the only encoding standard that allows us to retrieve or join data using a variety of different languages but the issue is… It’s unreadable in ASCII format. Essentially, Unicode is a universal character encoding standard in which each character and symbol in all languages are assigned a code. Note: Removing stopwords is not always the best idea! # Importing the libraries import nltk from rpus import stopwords nltk.download("stopwords") stop_words = set(stopwords.words("english")) print(stop_words) > # example text text = "The UK lockdown restrictions will be dropped in the summer so we can go partying again!" # removing stopwords text = " ".join() print(text) > uk lockdown restrictions dropped summer go partying again! Removing UnicodeĪSCII formats emojis and other non-ASCII characters as Unicode. In the English language (I believe the same would be true for most languages but don’t quote me), there are words that are used more frequently than other words in the language but they do not necessarily add more value to a sentence, hence it is safe to say that we can ignore them by removing the from our text. For example in a sentiment analysis task, we want to find the word (or words) that tip the sentiment of the text in one direction or the other. In the majority of natural language tasks, we want our machine learning models to identify the words within a document that provide value to the document. # Python Example text = "The UK lockdown restrictions will be dropped in the summer so we can go partying again!" # lowercasing the text text = text.lower() print(text) > the uk lockdown restrictions will be dropped in the summer so we can go partying again! Removing Stopwords Therefore, it’s important to normalize the case of our words so that every word is in the same case and the computer doesn’t process the same word as 2 different tokens. To a human, we can read a text and intuitively tell that “The” which is used at the beginning of a sentence is the same word as “the” which is found later in the middle of the sentence, however, a computer cannot - “The” and “the” are seen as 2 different words by a machine. For example, we start a new sentence with a capital letter or if something is a noun, we would capitalize the first letter to indicate we are talking about a place/person, etc. When we write, we capitalize various words in our sentence/paragraph for different reasons. Let’s cover some ways we can clean text - In another post, I’ll cover ways we can encode text. Instead, we must follow a process of first cleaning the text then encoding it into a machine-readable format. When we are working with textual data, we cannot go from our raw text straight to our Machine learning model. Unfortunately, computers aren’t like humans Machines cannot read raw text in the same way that we humans can. According to Wikipedia, unstructured data is described as “information that either does not have a pre-defined data model or is not organized in a pre-defined manner.”. Photo by The Creative Exchange on Unsplash
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Bell said, experts believe that the symptoms are caused by “an inflammatory reaction to the virus” that can affect the brain as well as the rest of the body. Surveys by patient-led groups have also found that many Covid survivors with long-term symptoms were never hospitalized for the disease. This month, a study that analyzed electronic medical records in California found that nearly a third of the people struggling with long Covid symptoms - like shortness of breath, cough and abdominal pain - did not have any signs of illness in the first 10 days after they tested positive for the coronavirus. The report, in which the average patient age was 43, underscores the emerging understanding that for many people, long Covid can be worse than their initial bouts with the infection, with a stubborn and complex array of symptoms. Koralnik, the chief of neuro-infectious diseases and global neurology at Northwestern Medicine, who oversees the clinic and is the senior author of the study. “We are seeing people who are really highly, highly functional individuals, used to multitasking all the time and being on top of their game, but, all of a sudden, it’s really a struggle for them,” said Dr. The study of 100 patients from 21 states, published on Tuesday in The Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, found that 85 percent of them experienced four or more neurological issues like brain fog, headaches, tingling, muscle pain and dizziness. Now, the clinic, which sees about 60 new patients a month, in-person and via telemedicine, has published the first study focused on long-term neurological symptoms in people who were never physically sick enough from Covid-19 to need hospitalization, including Ms. Khan was referred to a special clinic for Covid-related neurological symptoms at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago, which has been evaluating and counseling hundreds of people from across the country who are experiencing similar problems. And during a debate about politics with her husband, Zayd Hayani, “I didn’t remember what I was trying to say or what my stance was,” she said.īy the end of the year, Ms. Trying to concentrate on a call for her job in financial services, she felt as if she had just come out of anesthesia. She also developed “really intense brain fog,” she said. One leg started to tingle, and her hands would tremble while putting on eyeliner. She had ringing in her ears, and everything began to smell like cigarettes or Lysol. She had blurred vision encircled with strange halos. After all, she was just 25, and healthy.īut weeks later, she said, “this weird constellation of symptoms began to set in.” In the fall, after Samar Khan came down with a mild case of Covid-19, she expected to recover and return to her previous energetic life in Chicago. Krabs: Go easy on him, lassie! I can’t afford to break in a new fry cook! (laughs and closes the door. Pearl: (claps) A limo! Why didn’t you say so? (Pearl grabs SpongeBob and drags him out of the house) I love limousines! SpongeBob: Uhh, Pearl, we’ve got to get back to the limo. I want to drink punch with my friends and don’t do that other thing you’re always doing. (SpongeBob writes down a list of what Pearl wants to do on a notepad) I want to go to the prom, get my picture taken, and I want to dance.(SpongeBob has a big list now). Now listen, SpongeBob, I just want to get through this with my social status intact. Pearl: (wearing a pink dress) Well, at last no one will recognize you. Krabs: Hello? (SpongeBob lowers himself by some sort of crank) What do you think Pearl? Cleans up pretty well, doesn’t he? Ok Gary, wait till Pearl gets an eyeful of this! (Gary hides in his shell. (licks his two front teeth that are braced up) Handsome. (pops out of a toaster as some bread) Tan. Now, he ties his shoes which are on stilts) Long. Then he plants some seeds into the tuxedo and waters it to grow a pink flower. Then he takes a shower and plucks his eyebrows to put in some new ones. Magazine is 'Long Tan and Handsome') Hey Gary, this magazine gives me an idea! (SpongeBob cuts through some black fabric then sews it up. SpongeBob: What is it Gary? What do you have? (Gary hides in his shell while SpongeBob takes out a magazine from Gary's shell. Besides, how am I supposed to compare with Pearl’s old boyfriend, Mr. SpongeBob: No, that was Patrick who brought his mom. I couldn’t even get a date for my own junior prom. Krabs, I am a prom expert! (now at home) Oh Gary, I’m a prom failure. SpongeBob: Really? Oh, wow! Don’t worry Mr. Krabs: Never mind that, boy! You’re taking Pearl to her prom! Krabs! Are you talking to that dummy I made? It’s pretty realistic isn’t it? (holds up the left arm) I made this part out of. Remember, you’re doing it for good old Mr. Krabs: Now listen boy, I’m-a counting on you to make this a very special night for a very special girl. Listen up! Which one of you lucky lubbers wants to take me lovely daughter Pearl to the prom? (everyone runs away) But I can’t take him, daddy! They’ll kick me off the most frequently pictured in the yearbook committee. Pearl: Ahh, the fry cook? Do you know what that would do to my complexion? People would mistake me for a planetarium? Pearl cries even harder) Wait, wait.here, take SpongeBob! Why, uhh.I’ll take you! (Pearl begins to cry) What about Squidward? (Squidward is filing his tentacles. Pearl: That’s because there’s only one fish in the sea that's long, tan and handsome as he is. Krabs: Her scurvy prom date stood her, boy and now she can’t seem to find another. Krabs with part of a table around his face) Calm down, girl! (a wave of water from the tears busts the door down but SpongeBob pushes the door back up for a couple seconds then the water comes breaking through the door and wiping out all the customers dropping them to the floor. SpongeBob gets a pan and puts it on top of his head for protection of the tears) Just then SpongeBob hears Pearl come in and crying. (At the Krusty Krab where SpongeBob is sniffing a krabby patty then squirts a mustard "check" on the patty and puts on the bun. Episode Article: The Chaperone Characters During the '50s and '60s, coffeehouses became synonymous with creativity and intellectualism. This literary movement, rooted in anti-materialism and the exploration of the human condition, gathered in the coffeehouses of New York and San Francisco to recite poetry alongside cups of black coffee. The Blackwing Volume 200 Pencil In 1948, amidst the uncertainty of post-war America, the Beat Generation was born.The firm graphite used in the Volume 64 pencil is ideal for sketching. The design on the Volume 64 graphite pencil uses Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black, using a unique double imprint inspired by the comic book lettering to create a bold and striking design. The Blackwing Volume 64 Pencil is in honour of the Golden Age of comics when in the early 20th Century, stories of legendary characters, superheroes and villains became popular using a halftone printing method to later become a legendary art form.The "602" Blackwing is suited to writing but is much smoother than a typical writing pencil and similar to a 2B lead.Contains an extra firm smooth graphite core. The "Natural" Blackwing is part of the everyday range of Blackwing Pencils and features an exposed incense-cedar barrel with a subtle clear matte finish, gold ferrule and grey eraser.Ideal for those who want the flexibility to write and draw with it. The "Pearl" Blackwing is still soft and dark but more comparable with a 3B lead and ideal for people who want a smooth pencil that stays sharp longer.The "Black" Blackwing is a unique soft, dark lead that feels similar to a 4B lead, but they can also make light marks - ideal for artists.Consistent and reliable performance despite the softer leads they will still sharpen to a fine point. They represent undeniable quality, offering an exceptional balance of smooth performance, dark intense lead laydown and sharpness. They have an extra-long hexagonal barrel made out of California incense cedar and special formulated graphite leads from Japan. Blackwing Pencils are part of Palamino's range of premium pencils loved across the world for its quality, shape, and quality lead. if polyphonic, determine whether the texture is." homophonic, chordal" - multiple melodies proceeding with the same rhythm, resulting in the sound of sequential blocks of chords.necessary, but not demanding of one's central focus of attention Homophonic music has one clear melodic lin, the part. " homophonic, melody & accompaniment" - one important melody with other parts that are obviously supportive in their function. Directions: Distinguish whether the song has monophonic homophonic or polyphonic texture based on the manner its sung. A homophonic texture refers to music here there are many notes at once, but all moving in the same rhythm.if homophonic, determine whether the texture is As nouns the difference between homophony and polyphony. POLYPHONIC musical textures, there is a fourth type of musical texture HETEROPHONIC - and the word means.For either homophonic or polyphonic textures, which precise category best fits?. if several melodies are equally important, the texture is polyphonic in this case, your attention tends to move back and forth between the various melodies, rather than staying focused on only a single "most important" melody.if one is more important than all others, the texture is homophonic in this case, your attention typically stays focused on a single melody consistently throughout the excerpt.What is the relationship between the melodies?.If one and only one, the texture is monophonic, otherwise. How many different melodies am I hearing?.Polyphony describes a musical texture that allows for multiple independent melodies occurring at the same time. Homophony describes a single primary melody with accompaniment that is in rhythm or fills in the harmony. ] Examples of Musical Texture Identifying musical texture The Questions: Homophony and polyphony are two of the four main music textures. |